The aim wasn』t just to make the city more pleasant. A cleaner city, Lee Kuan Yew reasoned, would create a stronger economy.
運動的目的不僅是為了讓新加坡更加宜人。在李光耀看來，城市環境更加乾淨，經濟就能更加強勁。
「These standards will keep morale high, sickness rate low, and so create the necessary social conditions for higher economic growth in industry and in tourism. This will contribute to the public good, and in the end to everyone’s personal benefit,」 he said.
他還表示：「設立這些標準會讓人民鬥志高昂，降低疾病發生率，從而創造必要的社會條件，讓工業和旅遊業經濟增長更加迅速。這場運動會改善公眾福利，最後每個人都可以受益。」
On all of these counts, Singapore has done well. Life expectancy has grown from 66 to 83 (which is third best globally). In 1967, tourist arrivals were a little over 200,000 compared to a just shy of 10 million for the first three quarters of 2018. Inward foreign direct investment ballooned from US$93m in 1970 to US$39bn in 2010. It’s now the fifth largest recipient of foreign direct investment, receiving $66bn in 2017.
在上述所有方面，新加坡都做得很不錯。人民的預期壽命從66歲增長到了83歲（達到了全球第三的水平）。1967年新加坡入境遊客人數只有20萬多一點，而到2018年，前三個季度的遊客人數就已接近1000萬了。外國直接投資也從1970年時的9300萬美元飆升到2010年時的390億美元。現在新加坡接受的外國直接投資額排名全球第五，在2017年就收到了660億美元。
Nobody claims it’s all down to a single anti-littering campaign. But the health benefits are understood. It makes sense that tourists would return to a clean destination. And clean streets send a signal to foreign executives that a city is capable and adheres to the rule of law. It’s difficult to say how much, but in some way, shape or form, this campaign mattered.
沒有人會說之所以能取得這些成就，是因為發起了一場反對亂扔垃圾的運動。但健康衛生帶來的效益是有目共睹的。乾淨整潔的旅遊地會帶來更多回頭客，乾淨整潔的街道也在告訴外國公司高管：這座城市是法治城市，也能堅守法治。很難說清潔運動有多重要，但從某種程度上說，不管是規模還是形式，這場運動都意義重大。
As a rule, campaigns are not huge line items for departments or government budgets. Between 2010 and 2014, for example, Singapore’s National Environment Agency spent an average of $3m per year on anti-litter campaigns and outreach activities.
一般來說，社會運動在部門或政府預算中不會占很大比重。比如2010至2014年間，在反對亂扔垃圾運動和各種宣傳活動上，新加坡環境局平均每年的花費是300萬美元。
A Fine City
愛罰之城
Discount and souvenir stores in Singapore often carry T-shirts that read: 「Singapore: A fine city」 followed by a multitude of things for which you can get fined. As jokes go, it’s tired - Singaporeans are more likely to roll their eyes than laugh.
新加坡的折扣店和紀念品店經常會賣這種T恤，上面印著「新加坡：一座美麗的城市」 （譯者註：fine也可表示罰款），這行字下面還印有很多漫畫，告訴你做什麼會被罰款。但玩笑開歸開，老被罰款還是挺讓人厭煩的——新加坡人就不覺得好笑，只會無奈地翻個白眼。
But it’s not wrong. Singapore has a habit of banning what it sees as undesirable behaviour and enforcing each ban with financial penalties. The 1968 Keep Singapore Clean campaign was the first to attempt to moderate citizens』 behaviour through fines. Since then, Singapore has adopted fines with gusto. Typically, the authorities issue tens of thousands of fines a year for littering. The minimum fine is SG$300 (US$217).
但這種說法並沒有錯。新加坡已經養成了習慣：只要覺得是不當行為，就馬上禁止，而且還要課以罰款。1968年的「保持新加坡清潔運動」首次嘗試了通過罰款來規範公民行為。從那以後，新加坡一直積極採取罰款措施。通常當局每年會對亂扔垃圾行為處以數萬元的罰款，最低罰款標準為300新幣（摺合217美元）。
The push to make Singapore spotless started during Lee Kuan Yew’s time. He would intervene personally, sending notes to his ministers or bureaucrats when he saw something out of place. He believed that little things mattered, and worried that people would 「take advantage of a slackening of the administrative grip on the situation" if smaller infractions were ignored.
在李光耀時代，政府就致力於把新加坡變得一塵不染了。要是哪裡秩序混亂，李光耀會親自出面干預，對他的部長或官員做出提醒。他相信防微杜漸的道理，擔心如果對微小的違規行為置之不理，人們就會「鑽行政管控放鬆的空子」。
There are laws on the books that have always seemed weirdly strict to foreigners. Singapore famously banned the import of chewing gum (it’s not illegal to merely possess it). There are fines for bringing durian (a pungent smelling tropical fruit) on the train and for not flushing a public toilet (mostly a moot point, given that most toilets flush automatically now).
成文的法律似乎對外國人總是異常嚴格。新加坡以禁止進口口香糖而聞名於世（單單持有口香糖並不違法）。地鐵上帶榴槤（一種有強烈刺激性氣味的熱帶水果）要罰款，上公廁不沖水也要罰款（這一條其實已經沒有實際意義了，因為現在大部分廁所都是自動沖水的）。
on the books: Set down in writing or an audio or video recording 記錄在案的
There are also fines for spitting or for using someone else’s wifi without permission. In 2009, a taxi driver was fined for being naked in public view in his own home. Vaping e-cigarettes has already been banned.
隨地吐痰、未經許可就連接他人的WiFi，這些也要被罰款。2009年，一個計程車司機因為在家裡沒穿衣服而被處以罰款，罪名是「在公眾能看到的地方裸露身體」。電子菸則早就已經在被禁之列了。
Perhaps it shouldn』t seem so unusual. It’s true that the West certainly differs when it comes to civil and political rights, and penalties here can be extremely tough, including the death penalty for drug offences. But Singapore is hardly the only jurisdiction to show enthusiasm for fines to discourage petty offences. New South Wales in Australia collected over $172m (US$121m) in parking fines in the last financial year, while councils in the UK collected £820m in a similar period. (Parking is actually a far smaller administrative challenge in Singapore because of deliberate policies to reduce car ownership rates).
也許這沒什麼可以大驚小怪的。確實，西方國家在民事和政治權利上肯定有所不同，有些刑罰也是相當之重，比如毒品相關的罪行可以導致死罪。但要說到熱衷以罰款來防止人們在小事上犯錯，新加坡的司法機構可不是唯一一個。在上一個財政年度里，澳大利亞的新南威爾斯在違章停車一項上就罰了1.72億澳幣（摺合1.21億美元），英國法院則在同樣時間裡罰了8.2億英鎊。（停車管理在新加坡其實倒是容易得多，因為政府早已通過各項政策降低了轎車的擁有率。）
Even the broader approach has analogues in the West. George Kelling and James Q Wilson wrote the famous essay Broken Windows in 1982, which argued that a broken window 「is a signal that no one cares, and so breaking more windows costs nothing」. So the prescription was to address small infractions aggressively before they became major problems. Former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani claimed to have reduced crime in New York with this approach. It sounds a little familiar in Singapore.
